RESUMO Waitea circinata (Warcup & Talbot) é um fungo antagonista micorrízico de orquídea, com potencial de biocontrole contra patógenos de arroz. Objetivou-se otimizar o método de extração, obter um novo extrato e avaliar sua eficiência contra patógenos de arroz in vitro e in vivo, bem como compará-lo com outros métodos de extração e W. circinata. Os extratos foram obtidos e testados para inibição de crescimento in vitro contra os patógenos Cochliobolus miyabeanus, Monographella albescens e Sarocladium oryzae, utilizando-se os seguintes extratos: micelial, bruto, liofilizado e de massa micelial. Um ensaio adicional in vitro foi realizado com o principal patógeno do arroz (Magnaporthe oryzae), para avaliar a germinação de conídios e a formação de apressórios. Com base nessa avaliação, os extratos liofilizado e de massa micelial foram testados in vivo contra a brusone do arroz (M. oryzae) e comparados com a suspensão micelial de W. circinata, em diferentes formas de aplicação (simultânea e prévia). O extrato de massa micelial inibiu todos os patógenos, e os extratos bruto e liofilizado inibiram C. miyabeanus e M. albescens, respectivamente. O extrato de massa micelial inibiu a germinação de conídios e a formação de apressórios de M. oryzae em 80 %, e as aplicações simultâneas e prévias suprimiram a brusone em 94 %. Os resultados indicam que o novo extrato pode ser usado para controlar patógenos de arroz.

ABSTRACT Waitea circinata (Warcup & Talbot) is an orchid antagonist mycorrhizal fungus with biocontrol potential against rice pathogens. This study aimed to optimize the extraction method, obtain a new extract and evaluate its efficiency against rice pathogens in vitro and in vivo, as well as to compare it with other extraction methods and W. circinata. The extracts were obtained and screened for in vitro growth inhibition against the pathogens Cochliobolus miyabeanus, Monographella albescens and Sarocladium oryzae, using the following extracts: mycelial, crude, lyophilized and mycelial mass. An additional in vitro assay was performed with the principal rice pathogen (Magnaporthe oryzae), in order to evaluate the conidial germination and appressorium formation. Based on this evaluation, the lyophilized and mycelial mass extracts were tested in vivo against rice blast (M. oryzae) and compared to the W. circinata mycelial suspension, in different application forms (simultaneous and previous). The mycelial mass extract inhibited all the pathogens, and the crude and lyophilized extracts inhibited C. miyabeanus and M. albescens, respectively. The mycelial mass extract inhibited the M. oryzae conidial germination and appressorium formation by 80 %, and the simultaneous and previous applications suppressed the rice blast by 94 %. These results indicate that the new extract can be used to control rice pathogens.

The isolation and structure determination of new cyclic peptide alkaloid ixorine, along with five known constituents frangulanine, syringaresinol, cinnamtannin B-1, daucosterol and mannitol from the branches of Ixora brevifolia are described. The cyclic peptide frangulanine is being described for the first time in the Rubiaceae family. The structures were elucidated on their spectral data basis, mainly one- (1H, 13C, DEPT) and two-dimensional (COSY, NOESY, HSQC and HMBC) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and by comparison with data from the literature. The mixture of two cyclopeptide alkaloids showed weak activity against Leishmania amazonensis.

This phytochemical investigation of Guettarda pohliana leaves led to the isolation of the triterpenes pomolic acid, rotundic acid, 3β,6α,19α,23-tetrahydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid, clethric acid, ursolic acid and oleanolic acid, the monoterpenoids loliolide and secoxyloganin, besides daucosterol and steroids. The structures of the isolated compounds were assigned on the basis of NMR data, including two-dimensional NMR methods. The anti-inflammatory activity of the crude methanolic extracts from leaves and roots, as well as of their fractions, was evaluated.

A atividade antioxidante, avaliada pelo método DPPH (1,1-difenil-2-picrilidrazila), e o teor em compostos fenólicos totais do extrato bruto metanólico e frações das folhas da espécie Palicourea rigida Kunth, Rubiaceae, foram quantificadas neste trabalho. Apesar da baixa atividade apresentada pelo extrato bruto (500 ppm), a fração acetato de etila apresentou atividade moderada (192 ppm) e o maior teor de fenólicos totais dentre as frações ensaiadas. Assim, a fração acetato de etila foi submetida a procedimentos cromatográficos o que resultou no isolamento dos flavonoides quercetina 3-O-β-D-glicosídeo, quercetina 3-O-soforosídeo e isoraminetina 3-glicosídeo, cujas estruturas foram elucidadas por análise espectroscópica, incluindo RMN (1D e 2D) e comparação com os dados da literatura.

The antioxidant activity, evaluated by DPPH (1,1-difenil-2-picrilidrazila) method, and the determination of the total phenolic compounds of the crude methanolic extract and fractions of the Palicourea rigida Kunth, Rubiaceae, leaves were quantified in this work. Despite weak activity exhibited by crude extract (500 ppm), the fraction ethyl acetate showed moderate activity (192 ppm), and the largest value for the phenolic compounds among all the assayed fractions. Then, the ethyl acetate fraction was submitted to the chromatography procedures which led to the isolation of the flavonoid quercetin 3-O-D-glicoside, quercetin 3-O-sophoroside and isorhamnetin 3-glicoside, which had the structures elucidated by spectroscopy analysis, including RMN (1D and 2D) and comparison with literature data.

O estudo químico de Aloysia gratissima (Gillies & Hook.) Tronc. e Aloysia virgata (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers., Verbenaceae, resultou no isolamento de quatorze substâncias. Suas estruturas foram determinadas com base nos dados de IV, RMN de ¹H e de 13C uni e bidimensionais e comparação com dados da literatura. A atividade antibacteriana do extrato bruto das folhas e caules e das frações de A. virgata, bem como as substâncias hoffmaniacetona e seu monoacetato, verbascosídeo e arenariosídeo, foram avaliadas através do método de bioautografia e a atividade antiedematogênica foi avaliada pelo modelo de edema de orelha induzido para os extratos brutos e frações metanólicas de A. gratissima e A. virgata..

Phytochemical study of Aloysia gratissima (Gillies & Hook.) Tronc. e Aloysia virgata (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers., Verbenaceae, afforded fourteen compounds. The structures were established using IR, 1D and 2D NMR and by comparison of its spectroscopic data to those of literature. The antibacterial activity of the crude extract from the leaves and branches and the fractions from the crude extract of A. virgata, besides the isolated compounds hoffmaniacetone, hoffmaniacetone monoacetate, verbascoside and arenarioside were evaluated by means of bioautography and the antiedematogenic activity was evaluated using induced ear oedema model to the crude extracts and methanol fractions for A. gratissima and A. virgata.

As folhas de Hyptis ovalifolia Benth. (Lamiaceae) foram submetidas à hidrodestilação e a fração volátil foi investigada por CG/EM. O componente principal, (R)-6-[(Z)-1-heptenila]-5,6-diidro-2H-piranona (1), representando 60% do óleo essencial, foi isolado por cromatografia em coluna e identificado por métodos espectroscópicos. O composto mostrou atividade in vitro contra 4 espécies (60 isolados clínicos) dos dermatófitos: Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, Tricophyton mentagrophytes e Tricophyton rubrum com concentração inibitória mínima variando de 125-7,8 µg mL-1.

The leaves of Hyptis ovalifolia Benth. (Lamiaceae) were subjected to hydrodistillation and the resulting volatiles were investigated by GC/MS. The main constituent representing 60% of the essential oil was isolated by column chromatography and identified by spectroscopic methods as (R)-6-[(Z)-1-heptenyl]-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-one (1). This compound showed strong in vitro activity against four dermatophyte fungi Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, Tricophyton mentagrophytes, and Tricophyton rubrum (a total of 60 strains) with a minimal inhibitory concentration observed in the range of 125-7.8 mg µL-1.